11 December 2011

What motivates students to read?


As a recent graduate from Texas Tech University College of Education, I was offered a position teaching third grade. I faced many challenges as a new teacher, the most prominent being my students’ lack of motivation to read “good fit” books –those at an appropriate level and of interest to the students. I noticed the tone of the classroom negatively shift when it was time to have students read-to-self. Aside from a few students there was not the eagerness and excitement I expected when students were allowed to select their own “good fit” book. Several students would simply put their heads on their desk, some students went through the motions to appear to be reading, and others would hold a book, but their eyes would be everywhere but on the words of the page. I was aware that some students would be reluctant readers and that many in my class may of difficulties with reading, but I was shocked to the extent of their resistance and dislike for reading and other literacy activities. I did not know what had led them to this point, but it was now my responsibility to instill a love of reading in each of my students.
            This year will be the first of a new state standardized test, and reading is one of the two areas of knowledge and skills that third graders are expected to master. Additionally, as students continue their education they will be expected to read to learn. In other words, third grade is the last year students will have the support and direct instruction for learning to read. Therefore, it is crucial that students become interested in and motivated to read independently with fluency, comprehension, and enjoyment. 
What do you do in your classroom to motivate readers?
How do you gauge student comprehension for independent reading tasks?
What research have you read related to this topic?




10 September 2011

Biopoems


I have been trying to come up with ideas for my first week of school. It's a bit challenging, because it's not my students first week...it's their fourth! At this point, I know nothing. So if anyone has any ideas on how to cram classroom management, getting to know you, and diving into content in just a couple days...PLEASE HELP!

What about: 
Biopoems

Purpose: to allow students the chance to reflect about an individuals’ attributes from history or fiction
Procedure:
1.     Distribute a biographical or fictional text and tell the students to look for characteristics that will be included in the biopoem while reading.
2.     Students read text while thinking about what they will include in their biopoem.
3.     Provide a template (handout or display on overhead etc) with the biopoem format.
4.     Share and post the biopoems in the classroom for everyone to read and reflect on.

Sample Biopoem Template #1:
(Line 1) First name
(Line 2) Three or four adjectives that describe the person
(Line 3) Important relationship (daughter of . . . , mother of . . . , etc)
(Line 4) Two or three things, people, or ideas that the person loved
(Line 5) Three feelings the person experienced
(Line 6) Three fears the person experienced
(Line 7) Accomplishments (who composed . . . , who discovered . . . , etc.)
(Line 8) Two or three things the person wanted to see happen or wanted to experience
(Line 9) His or her residence
(Line 10) Last name
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From Abromitis, B.S. (1994, June/July). Bringing lives to life. Biographies in reading and the content areas. Reading Today,
Developed by A.R. Gere, ed., Roots in the Sawdust: Writing to Learn across the Curriculum (Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1985).

Example:
River
Blue, Fresh, Wet, Moving
Child of the ocean, Big brother of the stream and creek
Lover of fish, bends, and the sun
Who feels rage during the storm and peace when the skies are blue
Who needs to be a home to living things
Who fears pollution and global warming
Who gives refreshment and adventure
Who would like to see more trees and less trash
Resident of the Land

Sample Biopoem Template #2:
(Line 1) First name
(Line 2) Words that describe you
(Line 3) Lover of
(Line 4) Who is able to
(Line 5)Who feels
(Line 6) Who wonders
(Line 7) Who fears
(Line 8) Who would like to
(Line 9) Who dreams
(Line 10) Last name

Example:
Tiffany
curious, cheerful, respectful
Lover of cookies, doggies, and books
Who wonders if there are aliens in outerspace
Who fears alligators in the swamp
Who feels excited to be a third grade teacher!
Who would like to learn how to sew and walk on the Great Wall of China
Who dreams that this year our class will love each other and love learning!
Evetts

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From Laura Candler ~ Teaching Resources~ www.lauracandler.com

Technology Integration: create a wordle 

Wordle: biopoem

Benefits and Limitations:
·      Teachers may select to have students create a biopoem about themselves before assigning a biography or history subject.
·      This strategy aides in comprehension and can be used across content areas with any individual being studied.
·      The formula may be modified according to the individual being studied.
·      Biopoems may also be created from the standpoint of an inanimate object.

05 September 2011

Family Partnership


Family/School/Community Partnership because we are ALL advocates for the children! (from National Coalition for Parent Involvement)
o   Parent involvement is critical, they are the child’s first and most important teachers

1.     Support Communication
About: progress, objectives, methods of assessment, behavior/attitudes
Via: letter, conferences, phone, email, internet (blog/website), open house/parties, portfolio, suggestion box, open door policy, Dr. Jean –brain tickets

2.     Support School Activities
a.     Volunteers, tutors, aides, field trips, events: assemblies, performances, family friendly atmosphere

3.     Support Home Activities
a.     Study habits, interactive hw, bedtime, attendance, bring home activities, skill practice, enrichment games, school expectations

11 August 2011

How do we teach elementary science?

I’ve heard it said time and time again that people learn best by “doing”. As a future educator, it is my responsibility to seek out ways in which people learn and teach accordingly. For the last couple years, I have been employed by Texas Tech as a tutor for college students with learning disabilities. Each student had a number of disabilities to deal with, ranging from dyslexia, dyscalculia, attention deficit disorder, etc, as well as varying degrees of these disabilities. Additionally, because of these disabilities, the students possessed different levels of confidence or anxiety when it came to schoolwork or exams. Instead of focusing on my students’ disabilities, I quickly learned to focus on their effective learning styles and worked with them in ways they felt most comfortable and successful. One of the biggest problems for teachers is keeping the students’ attention and finding ways for them to be active participants in classroom lessons. I think this is especially difficult in the elementary science classroom where the majority of topics are most commonly taught by direct instruction and the students practice rote memorization of definitions and formulas. However, I think science provides a great opportunity for students to develop interests to actively pursue and make meaning for themselves.
As students are learning new concepts and connecting them to their previous experiences and pre-existing conceptions about the world, they are able to organize their thoughts and make meaning of new information (accommodation and assimilation). Educational psychologists like Piaget have studied and debated on ways to increase the effectiveness of instruction by developing learning theories, which has lead to ideas of constructivism. The constructivist viewpoint involves the notion that knowledge is gained from experience. This theory is often used to back-up supporters of active learning. I think a good combination of a variety of learning theories is the most effective approach to teaching a variety of learners with different skills, experiences, and learning styles. However, the nature of science allows more room for inquiry-based education, particularly when established on the ideas of constructivism. Many teachers have switched their focus from directly teaching students facts and information to developing classroom activities that help students to develop problem-solving skills. Oftentimes this includes group work with minimal guidance, in which students chose the questions to explore, the procedure for testing their hypothesis, and the teacher serves as a facilitator. Teachers refrain from telling the students the expected outcome and allow them to make predictions of their own based on what they already know. I think it is important for educators to provide definitions to scientific terminology and formulas to assist the students in a sort of “spontaneous discovery.” Children will be engaged as they attempt to learn meaning and answer questions like “why” and “how.” Just as Dr. Narayan says, it is necessary for students to participate in activities that are both “hands-on” and “minds-on.” Even if, in the end students make inaccurate conclusions, feel frustration, or come across dead-ends, important problem-solving skills are refined and they experience the struggles of every scientist. They will develop more confidence with increased exposure to the scientific process and it will help them resolve many conflicts they face. This type of science lesson will also help the instructor to gather information and evaluate the students’ levels of comprehension. Additionally, teachers will be able to enumerate the specific areas of confusion among the class as well as the areas of greatest interest and mastery.

Cubing



Purpose: to prepare students for reading or writing, increase comprehension, extend understanding of a topic/concept, character, or text from various perspectives. May also be used as a pot-reading activity to encourage students to think critically about the topic at hand.
Procedure:
1. The teacher or students must select a topic to be cubed.
2. If being used as a whole-class activity, the class may be divided into 6 groups and each group will be assigned a perspective to consider and discuss.
3. Each group writes a summary or their discussion and shares it with the class. These perspectives may be taped to the cube for reference and access.
Benefits and Limitations:
· May be used as whole-class, cooperative group, pairs, or independent activity.
· Almost any topic may be cubed including math concepts, science theories, and events in history.
· When used as a post-reading strategy, students are required to apply the information they have learned.
· May be modified according to desired outcomes and lesson objectives.
· This strategy should be modeled and the teacher should explain why this strategy is being used.
Possible Cube Perspectives:
Describe: what does it look like? What are some traits/characteristics? What size, shape, or color?
Compare: What does it remind you of? How is it like something else? What is it different/opposite from?
Associate: What does it make you think of? How is it related to other topics or people? How does it connect to other things/concepts?
Analyze: What is it made of? How can you break it down into smaller parts?
Apply: What can be done? How is it used?
Argue for/against: make a list of supporting reasons

This is one of my favorite strategies because it is engaging, easily adaptable, and a great concept attainment tool for all grades!
I created this cube (with detachable parts) for a Pre-Kindergarten lesson on food/nutrition. The student's enthusiasm and participation was fantastic! By the end of the unit their discussion and thought processes became observably more detailed and sophisticated.

Analogy Charting


Purpose: to create a visual framework of text-to-self connection and note differences and similarities between a new familiar concept. “Analogies are based on the compare/contrast text frame, and as students explore relationships by connecting to already known ideas, they broaden their understanding of important concepts or vocabulary.” (Buehl 2009)
Procedure:
1. Select a familiar concept that can serve as an analogy for a new concept. The familiar concept should be well understood by all students and have characteristics which are analogous to those of the new concept.
2. Introduce analogy and have students brainstorm characteristics of both concepts to put under the “similarities” column.
3. Have students brainstorm differences between the two concepts and fill out the other side of the analogy chart.
4. Discuss relationship categories and “what you understand now” (summary statement).
Benefits:
· Provides students a foundation (outline) for developing organized compare/contrast summaries
· Allows students to relate to the new concepts by making connections to their background knowledge
Limitations:
· The “familiar concept” must truly be familiar to the students and directly comparable to the new concept

25 June 2011

Content Area Literacy


I will soon post a variety of CAL strategies. This is my personal favorite.

Topic/Book Box
-A primary level approach-
Purpose: to introduce students to a new book or topic (unit of study). Tangible objects are provided to activate students’ background knowledge and prompt students’ thinking about major topics or concepts prior to reading.
Procedure:
1. The teacher prepares a container (box, basket, suitcase, treasure chest, jewelry box etc.) that represents some aspect of the book or topic being studied. For example, an athletic bag may be used to carry items before reading a book on the biography of a sports figure. A shoebox may be decorated with images and/or words related to a geometric figure (cube, or rectangular prism, etc.).
2. The teacher then collects items to fill the box that relates to the book or theme. These objects should stimulate conversation among the students and provide them opportunities to discuss previous experiences/knowledge. The objects may come directly from the reading or represent a more profound theme or idea. The box may also include other books related to the topic, words, or pictures/images.
3. There are a variety of ways to use a book box. Teachers may choose to show the items to the entire class and have them discuss what they think the items represent and brainstorm what topic or book they are going to read (concept attainment method). Students may be asked to create an inventory of the items and list what is in the box, ideas about what the items may represent, and previous experiences with the items. After reading the book, the students may complete the inventory to include “purpose of the item.” It is up to the teacher to decide when they will tell the students the topic or book that is going to be studied or read.
-OR-
Purpose: to help students summarize and communicate their understanding by creating a book box. This allows students the opportunity to create a box that symbolizes concepts and share what they have learned with their classmates. This is a hands-on/minds-on activity that can be used as an extension of learning that allows students the freedom to explore interesting facts or ideas. Book boxes are also useful tools for assessment of the student’s ability to summarize main ideas and identify important aspects of a topic. The teacher must explicitly state the purpose of the book box to the students.
Procedure:
1. Students collect 3-5 items related to a topic or theme and place them in a chosen
(perhaps decorated) container.
2. The students may be asked to create an inventory sheet or write up that states the contents of the box and reasons for inclusion (how they relate to the topic or book).
3. The students will be expected to share their boxes with the class and explain the significance of the items in their box in relation to the topic or book.
4. Student may also have the opportunity to answer questions from their classmates about their book or topic.
Benefits:
• There are a variety of ways in which this strategy may be used in a classroom (teacher-created or student-created, as an introduction or assessment, multiple boxes for further study…)
• The book boxes allow students the opportunity to explore concepts in a tangible and concrete way.
• Topic boxes may be used in all content areas including math, science, music, and social studies.
• Student-created book boxes provide students more choice and therefore engagement in their learning.
• Technology and creativity (art) may be incorporated in the use of this strategy.
• Students are given the opportunity to read, write, listen, and verbally communicate their ideas.
Limitations:
• If book boxes are created in the classroom, the teacher and students must supply or create the items relevant to the topic.
• Teacher-created book boxes may require some additional planning.
Teacher Concerns:
• What if my students are not getting the main idea of my book box?
• What if my students do not treat the book boxes of other students with care and respect?
• How will I find room in my classroom to display (store) all these boxes?
References:
Tompkins, Gail E. (1997) Literacy for the twenty-first century: A balanced approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall

Inventory Sheet
Topic:
Book:
What is it?
What could this represent?
What does this make me think of?
What did I learn from the book?


Example:
Book: The Legend of the Bluebonnet by Tomie dePaolo
What is it? Basket
What could this represent? Something people use to put their things in
What does this make me think of? My Easter basket that I use to put eggs in during the Easter egg hunt
What did I learn from the book? (implicit) Native Americans use things from the Earth to make tools and toys (like the buckskin doll).

24 June 2011

Summer Reading

Lesson Cycle





Synonyms and Antonyms
(homonyms, homophones, idioms...)
Author: Tiffany Evetts


Subject(s):
Language Arts (English)


Topic or Unit of Study:
This unit is over synonyms and antonyms.


Grade/Level:
1-3


Objective:
After this unit, students will be able to identify both synonyms and antonyms. They will be able to tell the difference between synonyms and antonyms, and give examples of each.


Summary:
This unit will begin with students and myself singing both the synonym and antonym song. Next, we will watch a brain pop video over synonyms and antonyms. Following the brain pop video, I will have students get a white board and I will call out words and have students give me either the synonym or antonym to that word. The students will also be expected to create a vocabulary poster of a synonym/antonym of their choice in which they draw or paste pictures that represent the words. For example they may select the word cold and draw a synonym representing frosty and an antonym representing hot.


IMPLEMENTATION


Procedure:
I will begin this lesson by having students gather on the floor in front of the smartboard. I will remind students that we have been learning about synonyms and antonyms and tell them that we will be singing the songs that we sang earlier this week. I will put the songs on the document camera one at a time and we will sing them together as a class. Following the songs, students will watch a brain pop video over synonyms and antonyms. Next, I will have students get a whiteboard and call out words for them to write either a synonym or antonym for. Following these activities, I will explain the independent practice pages over each that they will be completing during center time.
The students will be given time to come up with ideas of synonyms and antonyms and they will present their poster rough draft to the class and evaluate other student’s words and give suggestions before the final product is displayed in the classroom. (this will be supplemented with a lesson about words which have multiple meanings and shades of meaning such as act, case, and cut).
The last lesson requires students to bring a book they have selected from the library and look up a word that is unfamiliar or which they have limited acquaintance. They will look up the word in the dictionary and write about the multiple meanings of the word and how it is used in the selected book.


Collaboration:
Students will work collaboratively & individually.


Time Allotment:
3 class period. 30 Min. per class.


Author's Comments & Reflections:
If time permits, a study of homonyms and idioms may also be included in this unit.


MATERIALS AND RESOURCES
Instructional Materials:



Resources:
  • Materials and resources:
    We will be using copies of the synonym and antonym song, as well as a worksheet over each for independent practice. We will also be using a document camera for this activity as well as the smartboard.
  • Each student will be given a piece of cardstock and markers, glue, magazines, and other craft supplies to create their word poster.
  • Students will need to select a book from the library and have access to a dictionary and thesaurus.


STANDARDS & ASSESSMENT
Standards:



Assessment/Rubrics:
student presentations (word poster) and worksheets


Comprehension Strategies


Clusters, Maps, and Webs
Text: Abe Lincoln Goes To Washington by: Cheryl Harness
Purpose: Clusters are weblike diagrams with the topic written in a circle centered on a sheet of paper. Main ideas are written on rays drawn out from the circle, and branches with details and examples are added to complete each main idea (Rico, 1983).
Students use maps when reading to organize the information they are learning.
Students use clusters when writing to organize ideas before beginning a composition.
This strategy may be done individually, in small groups, or as a class with the teacher as a facilitator.
Procedure:
1. Draw center circle which represents the topic
2. Brainstorm a list of words/phrases that are related to the topic. Then organize the words into categories.
3. Add main ideas and details. The main ideas are written on rays drawn from the central topic and the details are written on rays drawn out from the main ideas.
Brainstorm list:
Stovepipe hat, Lawyer, Married to Mary Todd, Village shoemaker, U.S. President, Battle of Bull Run, Naval Blockade, George McClellan, Son Willie died, Issued Emancipation Proclamation, North: wants to end slavery, South: legal to buy/sell slaves, West: shoving Indians, open land, California gold, thousands going…, Studied books about war/military strategies, Visited hospitals, Union victory at Gettysburg, Union soldiers captured the Confederate capital, Gen Lee surrendered –war over, John Wilkes Booth, Ford Theatre, Died April 15, 1865

I think I can, I think I can...


The Little Engine That Could
By: Watty Piper